Deciphering NF-κB pathways in smoking-related lung carcinogenesis

Authors

  • Riya Thapa Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-5756
  • Ehssan Moglad Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2119-0080
  • Ahsas Goyal Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-9238
  • Asif Ahmad Bhat Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-8319
  • Waleed Hassan Almalki Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-6294
  • Imran Kazmi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1881-5219
  • Sami I. Alzarea Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-4023
  • Haider Ali Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-7897
  • Brian Gregory Oliver Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2137 Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7122-9262
  • Ronan MacLoughlin Research and Development, Aerogen Limited, IDA Business Park, Galway, Connacht, H91 HE94 Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Leinster, D02 YN77 Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Leinster, D02 PN40 Ireland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3164-1607
  • Harish Dureja Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-1984
  • Sachin Kumar Singh School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, 47500, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0443
  • Kamal Dua Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. E-mail: kamalpharmacist02@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-1159
  • Gaurav Gupta Center for Research Impact & Outcome-Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-0229

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2024-7475

Keywords:

smoking, lung cancer, NF-κB pathway, tumorigenesis, inflammation, therapeutic interventions

Abstract

One of the main causes of death worldwide is lung cancer, which is largely caused by cigarette smoking. The crucial transcription factor NF-κB, which controls inflammatory responses and various cellular processes, is a constitutively present cytoplasmic protein strictly regulated by inhibitors like IκB proteins. Upon activation by external stimuli, it undergoes phosphorylation, translocates into the nucleus, and modulates the expression of specific genes. The incontrovertible association between pulmonary malignancy and tobacco consumption underscores and highlights a public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines, potent carcinogenic compounds present in the aerosol emitted from combusted tobacco, elicit profound deleterious effects upon inhalation, resulting in severe perturbation of pulmonary tissue integrity. The pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung cancer encompasses an intricate process wherein NF-κB activation plays a pivotal role, triggered by exposure to cigarette smoke through diverse signaling pathways, including those associated with oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Unraveling the participation of NF-κB in smoking-induced lung cancer provides pivotal insights into molecular processes, wherein intricate crosstalk between NF-κB and pathways such as MAPK and PI3K-Akt amplifies the inflammatory response, fostering an environment conducive to the formation of lung cancer. This study reviews the critical function of NF-κB in the complex molecular pathways linked to the initiation and advancement of lung carcinogenesis as well as potential treatment targets.

Published

2024-08-19

How to Cite

Thapa, R., Moglad, E., Goyal, A., Bhat, A. A., Almalki, W. H., Kazmi, I., … Gupta, G. (2024). Deciphering NF-κB pathways in smoking-related lung carcinogenesis. EXCLI Journal, 23, 991–1017. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2024-7475

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