Effects of okadaic acid, azaspiracid-1, yessotoxin and their binary mixtures on human intestinal Caco-2 cells
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2023-6884Keywords:
phycotoxins, mixtures, inflammation, Caco-2 cellsAbstract
Phycotoxins are responsible for foodborne intoxications. Symptoms depend on the ingested toxins but mostly imply gastro-intestinal and neurological disorders. Importantly, humans are exposed to combinations of several phycotoxins, resulting in possible mixture effects. Most previous studies, however, have been focused on single toxin effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of binary mixtures of three main phycotoxins, okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) and yessotoxin (YTX), on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The focus was placed on cell viability studies and inflammation responses using a multi-parametric approach to assess cell population (nuclei staining), cell metabolism/viability (reductase activity and lysosomal integrity), and release of inflammation markers (e.g., interleukins). Mixture effects were evaluated using the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Our assays show that none of the toxins had an impact on the cell population in the tested concentration range. Only OA modulated reductase activity, while all three toxins had strong effects on lysosomal integrity. Furthermore, all toxins triggered the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8), with OA being most potent. Mixture effect analysis showed additivity in most cases. However, supra-additivity was observed in regards to IL-6 and IL-8 release for combinations implying high concentrations of OA. This study extends the knowledge on mixture effects of phycotoxins in human cells.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Jimmy Alarcan, Albert Braeuning
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- The authors keep the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, CC BY 4.0. This licencse permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
- The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
- Because the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate at the time of publication, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions presented in the publication. The publisher makes no guarantee, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
- The authors can enter into additional contracts for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version by citing the initial publication in this journal (e.g. publishing in an institutional repository or in a book).
